INDUSTRY INSIGHTS YOUR PEERS ARE READING
But a promise is a promise, so here’s another case study from Gabe Raff, director of telemarketing strategies at Chapman Cubine Adams & Hussey (CCAH). Telemarketing premium I promised some telefundraising case studies awhile back, but then got distracted by all the usual direct mail and online fundraising stuff. MORE
Karin Kirchoff of MINDset Direct discussed telemarketing — “the ugly, redheaded stepchild of fundraising and acquisition” as she put it — in a recent FundRaising Success webinar. We rarely see or hear any chatter about telemarketing (search The Agitator for ‘telemarketing’ and you’ll see our meager coverage). Don't Miss these Posts fundraising telemarketing MORE
social media and direct mail, as this chart indicates: Direct mail Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Online fundraising and marketing Telemarketing premium MORE
Last month Bloomberg News ran an expose on telemarketing fundraisers for major national charities who keep 85% or more of what they raise. When prospective donors asked telemarketers what percentage went to the charity, the scripted answer was 70% or more. Even if you don’t use outside telemarketing or direct mail services, you could pay the price for donors’ diminished trust in nonprofit causes. MORE
The post How to discover planned gifts using interns because you can’t afford a telemarketing firm appeared first on MarketSmart | . Make sure the intern cares about your mission. Have the intern view videos, read reports and talk to program staff (and beneficiaries) so they are familiar with stories about the impact your organization delivers. Pull a list of longtime loyal donors (over 60 is preferable). MORE
Communications Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Nonprofit management Social media Telemarketing Uncategorized premiumI’m glad Tom raised the issue of ‘lapsed’ donors in his post, When To Give Up On A Donor. MORE
Board Meeting Swipe File Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising analytics / data Integrated fundraising and marketing Major donors Nonprofit management Planned giving / legacy marketing Telemarketing Uncategorized premium MORE
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Media usage / trends Nonprofit management Online fundraising and marketing Social media Telemarketing premiumIf your organization’s advocacy mission is directly related to or affected by the results of the 2016 elections, I hope you’re in the mail, on the phone, online and meeting with your donors right now. Don’t wait. Don’t sit around in endless meetings and plan. Just get out there and ask for help. MORE
The memory came flooding back last week as I read Tom’s post on telemarketing …. … And so it goes with telemarketing, Face2Face, long letters, bold messaging … you name it. Poorly prepared and executed telemarketing harms, not helps. My guess is that the answer is ‘never’ or ‘seldom’ Too many fundraisers and their consultants order up telemarketing and Face2Face donors just like they buy printing or envelopes, and then wonder why the techniques fall short. MORE
Note that telemarketing campaigns do this inherently — “Good evening Tom. ” communications database marketing direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising major donors research telemarketing Here’s a curious little study — Post-it Note Persuasion: A Sticky Influence — forwarded to The Agitator by reader Tina Cincotti. In this research project, participants were sent a survey packet and asked to complete the survey. MORE
Last week I wrote about fundraising telemarketing , conceding that The Agitator had been neglecting the channel and promising to publish case studies our readers might proffer. Both organizations are successfully using telemarketing to recruit monthly givers, typically from new and newly renewed donors, as well as from their lapsed donor pool. For example, direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising marketing metrics telemarketing premium MORE
Kristen Smith from the US talks about successfully using the telephone to reinstate lapsed donors (and she means really lapsed): “We also do both reinstatement (2-5 years) and deep lapsed (6-10 years) telemarketing campaigns; the names we bring back on via these campaigns also have much higher value than other names acquired via telemarketing.&#. Telemarketing. To nonprofit organizations … are you using telemarketing? MORE
Communications Fundraising philosophy/profession Innovation Nonprofit management Telemarketing premiumA number of thoughtful and concerned UK Agitator readers weighed in this week expressing a range of emotions from distress to disgust over what some termed the Institute of Fundraising’s (IoF) latest “betrayal” of the sector. On August 18 IoF announced an Update to the Code of Fundraising Practice. MORE
Communications Demographics Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising analytics / data Fundraising philosophy/profession Innovation Integrated fundraising and marketing Mobile marketing and fundraising Nonprofit management Social media Telemarketing Transparency premium MORE
Karin Kirchoff of MINDset Direct discussed telemarketing — “the ugly, redheaded stepchild of fundraising and acquisition” as she put it — in a recent FundRaising Success webinar. We rarely see or hear any chatter about telemarketing (search The Agitator for ‘telemarketing’ and you’ll see our meager coverage). Don't Miss these Posts fundraising telemarketing MORE
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Communications Direct mail Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Nonprofit management Telemarketing Uncategorized premiumEditors’ Note : This is the first in a three-part — and hopefully practical — series aimed at encouraging small, large and mid-size organizations to pay serious attention to the benefits of building a monthly giving or sustainer program. We’ll deal with the question of ‘why’ monthly giving? MORE
I had just read Tom’s Telefundraising Reveals The Pulse containing Colin Bickley’s terrific analysis of the state of telefundraising, and some very helpful comments from Agitator readers, when up popped this headline in my news feed: Stanford Hangs Up on Telemarketing—Will Others Follow? MORE
Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Integrated fundraising and marketing Nonprofit management Telemarketing premiumDo you really know what good donor service looks like? MORE
Many Agitator have been with us for our entire 10 year history. Many others are recent subscribers, and there are lots of folks in between. AND … some readers haven’t yet subscribed. You can remedy that egregious oversight right here. MORE
We live in a digital world, and while tried and true tactics like direct mail and telemarketing aren’t going away anytime soon, donors and activists increasingly expect nonprofits to communicate with them through digital mediums. MORE
Boomers database marketing demographic trends direct mail direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising Hot Research mobile advocacy online fundraising social networking telemarketing premium MORE
direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts donor retention fundraising legacy marketing loyalty nonprofit management planned giving telemarketing You Deserve a Raise premium On Valentine’s Day, it’s fitting that The Agitator focus on fundraising’s equivalent of the ‘going steady’ relationship — the sustaining, committed or monthly giving donor. MORE
For the 53% of Agitator readers who have been in the fundraising biz less than ten years, yes, telemarketing lives! direct mail direct marketing Don't Miss these Posts email marketing fundraising marketing metrics nonprofit management online fundraising research telemarketing MORE
Other individual widgets on the landing page provide critical, real-time insights about various aspects of your fundraising program - from major gifts, to telemarketing and direct response plans, follow-up tasks, and monthly giving. MORE
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Communications Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Media usage / trends Telemarketing premiumWant to stand out in the flood of emails, direct mail and other post-election communications? Just pick up the phone and talk to your donors, members and supporters. A great use of the phone in this ’emergency’ climate is the Telephone Town Hall. A wonderful opportunity for everyone to gather and experience the camaraderie of being part of a cause. MORE
I couldn’t remember the last time I saw a fundraising article on telemarketing. Turns out that Gabe is the director of telemarketing strategies at Chapman Cubine Adams + Hussey … a highly respected and long serving fundraising agency. “Director of Telemarketing Strategies” — talk about an endangered species! Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising telemarketing premium When I saw the article in Fundraising Success , I was overjoyed. MORE
The post 5 big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts appeared first on MarketSmart |. Fundraising Planned Giving charity nonprofit marketing Telemarketing MORE
communications direct mail direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts donor retention fundraising nonprofit management online fundraising research telemarketing You Deserve a Raise premium Donordigital has just released a study on integrated fundraising — Integrated Fundraising: The Good, The Bad & The Ugly — based upon ‘secret shopping’ at 16 major US nonprofits. MORE
Media usage / trends Mobile marketing and fundraising Telemarketing premium Five years ago today Tom posted on Telefundraising Works , calling it the “neglected stepchild of fundraising.” ” That post generated significant and helpful comments on approach and technique. MORE
Communications Direct mail Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising philosophy/profession Nonprofit management Telemarketing Uncategorized premium MORE
Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Telemarketing premium Editor’s Note: The e-Book version of Retention Fundraising: the new art and science of keeping your donors for life is now available. You can click here to order either the e-Book or print versions. MORE
“If there ever there were a medium where nonprofits consistently get it wrong, it’s telemarketing.” Telemarketing Mysteries and Case Studies two years ago. Both pieces outlined why telemarketing is so important. MORE
There have been some pretty high profile news stories of direct mail firms and telemarketers pocketing 75% to 85% of the money raised for a charity. Do you think budgeting for costs versus paying a telemarketer a percentage of funds raised is just a shell game? (c) MORE
But we hardly ever hear from advocates of telemarketing, so off I went to their website to check them out. That aside, if your nonprofit has not considered telemarketing, the Pell & Bales series is well worth a read. MORE
Here’s a telemarketing success story provided by Operation Smile. Clearly this is much more than a successful telemarketing campaign. Don't Miss these Posts You Deserve a Raise charities database marketing direct marketing fundraising nonprofit management nonprofits telemarketingBut it’s more than that, a point I’ll come back to. MORE
Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Integrated fundraising and marketing Mobile marketing and fundraising Telemarketing premiumI can’t even remember the last time I read a decent article on telefundraising. Can you? If so, please pass along the link! So I’m thrilled with this excellent piece by Colin Bickley — Can Telefundraising Survive the Cellphone Age? — published in NonProfitPRO. MORE
Can you, should you telemarket to high dollar donors? Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising major donors telemarketing premium Many of you are probably responding … “YECH!” ” “GROSS!” ” “My development director would rip my heart out!” ” But Gabe Raff at Chapman Cubine Adams + Hussey thinks differently. And has the data to back up his approach. MORE
Underestimate the power of telemarketing to build better relationships with your supporters. 5 potentially big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts. MORE
Frankly, we’re gobsmacked. Astounded, awestruck and absolutely thrilled by a massive undertaking by UK fundraisers and other leaders in the voluntary sector that should attract the serious attention and participation of all of us — on every continent. MORE
Unsolicited telemarketing = Interruption fundraising. Mass direct mail appeals = Interruption fundraising. Spam email blasts = Interruption fundraising. Informative Webinars = Engagement fundraising. Tours or personal meetings = Engagement fundraising. MORE
If there ever there were a medium where nonprofits consistently get it wrong it’s telemarketing. CEOs and boards generally hate telemarketing. Integrated fundraising and marketing Telemarketing premium MORE
What … Did you say telemarketing?!! How rare it is to see someone promoting telemarketing for fundraising. Writing in Canadian Fundraising & Philanthropy e-News , Jose offers some good advice on fundraising telemarketing. Would any telemarketing “believers&# care to share a success story or two? Tags: Don't Miss these Posts direct marketing donor retention fundraising legacy marketing loyalty nonprofit management nonprofits telemarketing MORE
Like tennis pros coming back from two sets down, telemarketers have rallied back from yesterday’s Are You Embarrassed post to score big time! “We’ve been using outbound telemarketing since 2007, however not until 2010 was someone solely responsible for this channel to give the time and energy to enhance it. Well done, telemarketers … you deserve a raise! How much money was raised in 2010 online versus telemarketing? MORE
Most of all, employ telemarketing as part of an integrated approach that complements other marketing activities— not as a solo, one-shot effort. 5 potentially big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts. Fundraising fundraising tips nonprofit marketing Telemarketing MORE
Telemarketing Related Topics 
iMarketSmart
JULY 27, 2015
The post 5 big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts appeared first on MarketSmart |. Fundraising Planned Giving charity nonprofit marketing Telemarketing
The Agitator
OCTOBER 11, 2016
“If there ever there were a medium where nonprofits consistently get it wrong, it’s telemarketing.” Telemarketing Mysteries and Case Studies two years ago. Both pieces outlined why telemarketing is so important.
The Agitator
JUNE 4, 2014
I couldn’t remember the last time I saw a fundraising article on telemarketing. Turns out that Gabe is the director of telemarketing strategies at Chapman Cubine Adams + Hussey … a highly respected and long serving fundraising agency. “Director of Telemarketing Strategies” — talk about an endangered species! Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising telemarketing premium When I saw the article in Fundraising Success , I was overjoyed.
The Agitator
AUGUST 29, 2012
Karin Kirchoff of MINDset Direct discussed telemarketing — “the ugly, redheaded stepchild of fundraising and acquisition” as she put it — in a recent FundRaising Success webinar. We rarely see or hear any chatter about telemarketing (search The Agitator for ‘telemarketing’ and you’ll see our meager coverage). Don't Miss these Posts fundraising telemarketing
The Agitator
SEPTEMBER 30, 2014
If there ever there were a medium where nonprofits consistently get it wrong it’s telemarketing. CEOs and boards generally hate telemarketing. Integrated fundraising and marketing Telemarketing premium
The Agitator
AUGUST 6, 2014
But a promise is a promise, so here’s another case study from Gabe Raff, director of telemarketing strategies at Chapman Cubine Adams & Hussey (CCAH). Telemarketing premium I promised some telefundraising case studies awhile back, but then got distracted by all the usual direct mail and online fundraising stuff.
The Agitator
JUNE 12, 2014
Last week I wrote about fundraising telemarketing , conceding that The Agitator had been neglecting the channel and promising to publish case studies our readers might proffer. Both organizations are successfully using telemarketing to recruit monthly givers, typically from new and newly renewed donors, as well as from their lapsed donor pool. For example, direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising marketing metrics telemarketing premium
The Agitator
JUNE 16, 2014
Can you, should you telemarket to high dollar donors? Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising major donors telemarketing premium Many of you are probably responding … “YECH!” ” “GROSS!” ” “My development director would rip my heart out!” ” But Gabe Raff at Chapman Cubine Adams + Hussey thinks differently. And has the data to back up his approach.
The Agitator
JUNE 16, 2011
Like tennis pros coming back from two sets down, telemarketers have rallied back from yesterday’s Are You Embarrassed post to score big time! “We’ve been using outbound telemarketing since 2007, however not until 2010 was someone solely responsible for this channel to give the time and energy to enhance it. Well done, telemarketers … you deserve a raise! How much money was raised in 2010 online versus telemarketing?
iMarketSmart
MARCH 31, 2017
The post How to discover planned gifts using interns because you can’t afford a telemarketing firm appeared first on MarketSmart | . Make sure the intern cares about your mission. Have the intern view videos, read reports and talk to program staff (and beneficiaries) so they are familiar with stories about the impact your organization delivers. Pull a list of longtime loyal donors (over 60 is preferable).
The Agitator
JUNE 20, 2011
Here’s a telemarketing success story provided by Operation Smile. Clearly this is much more than a successful telemarketing campaign. Don't Miss these Posts You Deserve a Raise charities database marketing direct marketing fundraising nonprofit management nonprofits telemarketingBut it’s more than that, a point I’ll come back to.
The Agitator
JULY 15, 2010
What … Did you say telemarketing?!! How rare it is to see someone promoting telemarketing for fundraising. Writing in Canadian Fundraising & Philanthropy e-News , Jose offers some good advice on fundraising telemarketing. Would any telemarketing “believers&# care to share a success story or two? Tags: Don't Miss these Posts direct marketing donor retention fundraising legacy marketing loyalty nonprofit management nonprofits telemarketing
iMarketSmart
AUGUST 14, 2015
Underestimate the power of telemarketing to build better relationships with your supporters. 5 potentially big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts.
iMarketSmart
AUGUST 12, 2015
Most of all, employ telemarketing as part of an integrated approach that complements other marketing activities— not as a solo, one-shot effort. 5 potentially big problems related to telemarketing for planned gifts. Fundraising fundraising tips nonprofit marketing Telemarketing
Non Profit Marketing 360
SEPTEMBER 30, 2012
Last month Bloomberg News ran an expose on telemarketing fundraisers for major national charities who keep 85% or more of what they raise. When prospective donors asked telemarketers what percentage went to the charity, the scripted answer was 70% or more. Even if you don’t use outside telemarketing or direct mail services, you could pay the price for donors’ diminished trust in nonprofit causes.
The Agitator
OCTOBER 4, 2016
I had just read Tom’s Telefundraising Reveals The Pulse containing Colin Bickley’s terrific analysis of the state of telefundraising, and some very helpful comments from Agitator readers, when up popped this headline in my news feed: Stanford Hangs Up on Telemarketing—Will Others Follow?
The Agitator
MARCH 7, 2017
social media and direct mail, as this chart indicates: Direct mail Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Online fundraising and marketing Telemarketing premium
The Agitator
AUGUST 28, 2016
Communications Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Nonprofit management Social media Telemarketing Uncategorized premiumI’m glad Tom raised the issue of ‘lapsed’ donors in his post, When To Give Up On A Donor.
The Agitator
NOVEMBER 14, 2016
Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Integrated fundraising and marketing Nonprofit management Telemarketing premiumDo you really know what good donor service looks like?
The Agitator
JUNE 18, 2017
Frankly, we’re gobsmacked. Astounded, awestruck and absolutely thrilled by a massive undertaking by UK fundraisers and other leaders in the voluntary sector that should attract the serious attention and participation of all of us — on every continent.
The Agitator
OCTOBER 3, 2016
Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Integrated fundraising and marketing Mobile marketing and fundraising Telemarketing premiumI can’t even remember the last time I read a decent article on telefundraising. Can you? If so, please pass along the link! So I’m thrilled with this excellent piece by Colin Bickley — Can Telefundraising Survive the Cellphone Age? — published in NonProfitPRO.
The Agitator
JULY 25, 2012
For the 53% of Agitator readers who have been in the fundraising biz less than ten years, yes, telemarketing lives! direct mail direct marketing Don't Miss these Posts email marketing fundraising marketing metrics nonprofit management online fundraising research telemarketing
EveryAction
FEBRUARY 22, 2019
Other individual widgets on the landing page provide critical, real-time insights about various aspects of your fundraising program - from major gifts, to telemarketing and direct response plans, follow-up tasks, and monthly giving.
Fundraising Coach
SEPTEMBER 13, 2012
There have been some pretty high profile news stories of direct mail firms and telemarketers pocketing 75% to 85% of the money raised for a charity. Do you think budgeting for costs versus paying a telemarketer a percentage of funds raised is just a shell game? (c)
The Agitator
JULY 20, 2015
Media usage / trends Mobile marketing and fundraising Telemarketing premium Five years ago today Tom posted on Telefundraising Works , calling it the “neglected stepchild of fundraising.” ” That post generated significant and helpful comments on approach and technique.
The Agitator
DECEMBER 31, 2015
Communications Direct mail Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising philosophy/profession Nonprofit management Telemarketing Uncategorized premium
The Agitator
FEBRUARY 3, 2013
But we hardly ever hear from advocates of telemarketing, so off I went to their website to check them out. That aside, if your nonprofit has not considered telemarketing, the Pell & Bales series is well worth a read.
The Agitator
AUGUST 11, 2013
Boomers database marketing demographic trends direct mail direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising Hot Research mobile advocacy online fundraising social networking telemarketing premium
The Agitator
AUGUST 20, 2015
Communications Fundraising philosophy/profession Innovation Nonprofit management Telemarketing premiumA number of thoughtful and concerned UK Agitator readers weighed in this week expressing a range of emotions from distress to disgust over what some termed the Institute of Fundraising’s (IoF) latest “betrayal” of the sector. On August 18 IoF announced an Update to the Code of Fundraising Practice.
The Agitator
MARCH 8, 2016
Board Meeting Swipe File Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising analytics / data Integrated fundraising and marketing Major donors Nonprofit management Planned giving / legacy marketing Telemarketing Uncategorized premium
The Agitator
NOVEMBER 3, 2014
Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Telemarketing premium Editor’s Note: The e-Book version of Retention Fundraising: the new art and science of keeping your donors for life is now available. You can click here to order either the e-Book or print versions.
The Agitator
MAY 3, 2017
Many Agitator have been with us for our entire 10 year history. Many others are recent subscribers, and there are lots of folks in between. AND … some readers haven’t yet subscribed. You can remedy that egregious oversight right here.
The Agitator
NOVEMBER 25, 2012
The memory came flooding back last week as I read Tom’s post on telemarketing …. … And so it goes with telemarketing, Face2Face, long letters, bold messaging … you name it. Poorly prepared and executed telemarketing harms, not helps. My guess is that the answer is ‘never’ or ‘seldom’ Too many fundraisers and their consultants order up telemarketing and Face2Face donors just like they buy printing or envelopes, and then wonder why the techniques fall short.
The Agitator
AUGUST 29, 2017
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Communications Direct mail Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Nonprofit management Telemarketing Uncategorized premiumEditors’ Note : This is the first in a three-part — and hopefully practical — series aimed at encouraging small, large and mid-size organizations to pay serious attention to the benefits of building a monthly giving or sustainer program. We’ll deal with the question of ‘why’ monthly giving?
The Agitator
NOVEMBER 16, 2016
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Media usage / trends Nonprofit management Online fundraising and marketing Social media Telemarketing premiumIf your organization’s advocacy mission is directly related to or affected by the results of the 2016 elections, I hope you’re in the mail, on the phone, online and meeting with your donors right now. Don’t wait. Don’t sit around in endless meetings and plan. Just get out there and ask for help.
EveryAction
JULY 20, 2018
We live in a digital world, and while tried and true tactics like direct mail and telemarketing aren’t going away anytime soon, donors and activists increasingly expect nonprofits to communicate with them through digital mediums.
iMarketSmart
MAY 8, 2014
Unsolicited telemarketing = Interruption fundraising. Mass direct mail appeals = Interruption fundraising. Spam email blasts = Interruption fundraising. Informative Webinars = Engagement fundraising. Tours or personal meetings = Engagement fundraising.
The Agitator
MARCH 6, 2016
Communications Demographics Donor acquisition Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Fundraising analytics / data Fundraising philosophy/profession Innovation Integrated fundraising and marketing Mobile marketing and fundraising Nonprofit management Social media Telemarketing Transparency premium
The Agitator
JUNE 15, 2011
Kristen Smith from the US talks about successfully using the telephone to reinstate lapsed donors (and she means really lapsed): “We also do both reinstatement (2-5 years) and deep lapsed (6-10 years) telemarketing campaigns; the names we bring back on via these campaigns also have much higher value than other names acquired via telemarketing.&#. Telemarketing. To nonprofit organizations … are you using telemarketing?
The Agitator
NOVEMBER 17, 2016
Breaking Out of the Status Quo Communications Donor retention / loyalty / commitment Media usage / trends Telemarketing premiumWant to stand out in the flood of emails, direct mail and other post-election communications? Just pick up the phone and talk to your donors, members and supporters. A great use of the phone in this ’emergency’ climate is the Telephone Town Hall. A wonderful opportunity for everyone to gather and experience the camaraderie of being part of a cause.
The Agitator
FEBRUARY 13, 2014
direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts donor retention fundraising legacy marketing loyalty nonprofit management planned giving telemarketing You Deserve a Raise premium On Valentine’s Day, it’s fitting that The Agitator focus on fundraising’s equivalent of the ‘going steady’ relationship — the sustaining, committed or monthly giving donor.
The Agitator
MARCH 6, 2014
communications direct mail direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts donor retention fundraising nonprofit management online fundraising research telemarketing You Deserve a Raise premium Donordigital has just released a study on integrated fundraising — Integrated Fundraising: The Good, The Bad & The Ugly — based upon ‘secret shopping’ at 16 major US nonprofits.
The Agitator
MAY 12, 2013
Note that telemarketing campaigns do this inherently — “Good evening Tom. ” communications database marketing direct marketing Don''t Miss these Posts fundraising major donors research telemarketing Here’s a curious little study — Post-it Note Persuasion: A Sticky Influence — forwarded to The Agitator by reader Tina Cincotti. In this research project, participants were sent a survey packet and asked to complete the survey.
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